Annexed by China in 1959 after years of fighting, the small nation of Tibet has become ground zero for the human rights movement. Tibet has become a cause celeb for the Amnesty International crowd for much the same reason it was the center of the plaster-and-chicken-wire worldviews of Theosophists and Dr. Strange comics: the exoticism and mysticism. The Dalai Lama's own tireless advocacy and Hollywood networking for his people, and the myth of his pacifism has captured the attention of a new generation of activists.
R.E.M.'s lead singer Michael Stipe summed up the feelings of the movement in the New York Post (November 2nd, 1997). The Tibetans resisted Chinese rule "peacefully without raising swords. No matter what hardship these people were under, they would not raise a hand against the enemy."
As a historian, Michael Stipe would make a great alternarock mumbler. He's wrong.
Guerilla war against the Chinese invasion began in earnest in the mid-1950s, and the CIA funded and recruited Tibetans to fight against the Chinese. The intelligence agency even enlisted the Lama's own brother to run guns into Tibet. Potential recruits were asked one question by the US officials, and it wasn't a Zen koan either: "Do you want to kill Chinese?"
Like many CIA-backed insurgencies, this one failed, because the US completely misunderstood the array of forces in Tibet. Tibetan Buddhism was highly tied to Tibetan nationalism, and the serf economy precluded many of the potential recruits from leaving their bucolic homes for the rigors of push-ups and Cold War indoctrination in the Colorado hills.
After the Tibetan Uprising of March 10th, 1959 (which probably saved the Dalai Lama's current incarnation), the spiritual leader split for India and started weaving a new mythology for his beleaguered homeland. The US changed tactics as well, training the Contra-like Chusi Gangdruk guerillas in Nepal to carry on armed attacks against the Chinese invaders. Occasional bombs rock Lhasa and other Tibetan cities till this day.
The new mythology was simple: China had invaded Tibet, slaughtered people, torn down many fine temples and shattered the society by flooding the area with Han Chinese and Maoist urban planning. That much is true. The Dalai Lama left out a few things though.
Chattel slavery existed in Tibet well into the 1950s, and the vast majority of the population was serfs who had to pay tithes to . . . you guessed it, the lamas. Most Tibetans were not mystic sorcerers capable of levitating or stopping their own heartbeats for fun and enlightenment (and profit). They were broken-backed peasants tied to the monastery establishment.
Not everyone in Tibet huddled around fires of burning yak dung in their little hovels though: the Dalai Lama himself lived in the 1000 room, 14 story Potala Palace with a personal retinue of slaves, and spent the summers in the slightly smaller Norbulingkha Palace.
The Chinese like to claim that they freed thousands of Tibetans from serfdom, and the Free Tibet movement claims that the Chinese only "pretended" to do so. The Free Tibet movement is right as well; most Tibetans are still living miserable lives of oppression.
But the Free Tibet movement needs to be re-examined. Ex-CIA agent Ralph McGee claims that the Company is still pulling the strings that animate the Beastie Boys' social consciousnesses, and that old gunrunner, Gyalo Thondup, the Dalai Lama's older brother, is still raising money for the campaign.
At the time of the annexation, the US said nothing; it was widely believed that China had historic claims to Tibet. Only when the political worm turned, and the Tibetan slaveholders created a mythology of pacifism and compassion, did anyone begin to care.